Transendocardial autologous bone marrow mononuclear cell injection in ischemic heart failure: postmortem anatomicopathologic and immunohistochemical findings.

BACKGROUND: Cell-based therapies for treatment of ischemic heart disease are currently under investigation. We previously reported the results of a phase I trial of transendocardial injection of autologous bone marrow mononuclear (ABMM) cells in patients with end-stage ischemic heart disease. The current report focuses on postmortem cardiac findings from one of the treated patients, who died 11 months after cell therapy. METHODS AND RESULTS: Anatomicopathologic, morphometric, and immunocytochemical findings from the anterolateral ventricular wall (with cell therapy) were compared with findings from the interventricular septum (normal perfusion and no cell therapy) and from the inferoposterior ventricular wall (extensive scar tissue and no cell therapy). No signs of adverse events were found in the cell-injected areas. Capillary density was significantly higher (P<0.001) in the anterolateral wall than in the previously infarcted tissue in the posterior wall. The prominent vasculature of the anterolateral wall was associated with hyperplasia of pericytes, mural cells, and adventitia. Some of these cells had acquired cytoskeletal elements and contractile proteins (troponin, sarcomeric alpha-actinin, actinin), as well as the morphology of cardiomyocytes, and appeared to have migrated toward adjacent bundles of cardiomyocytes. CONCLUSIONS: Eleven months after treatment, morphological and immunocytochemical analysis of the sites of ABMM cell injection showed no abnormal cell growth or tissue lesions and suggested that an active process of angiogenesis was present in both the fibrotic cicatricial tissue and the adjacent cardiac muscle. Some of the pericytes had acquired the morphology of cardiomyocytes, suggesting long-term sequential regeneration of the cardiac vascular tree and muscle.

[Sustained improvement in symptoms and exercise capacity up to six months after autologous transendocardial transplantation of bone marrow mononuclear cells in patients with severe ischemic heart disease]. / Melhora sintomática e da capacidade de exercício após o transplante autólogo, transendocárdico, de células mononucleares da medula óssea em pacientes com cardiopatia isquêmica grave, sustentada até o sexto mês de evolução.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed at assessing the effects of autologous transendocardial transplantation of bone marrow mononuclear cells (ATTBMMC) on symptoms, exercise capacity, myocardial perfusion and contractility in patients with severe ischemic heart disease during a 6-month follow-up period. METHODS: This prospective study comprised 21 patients as follows: the first 14 patients forming the treated group, and the last 7 patients forming the control group. Initially, all patients underwent clinical and laboratory assessment, treadmill testing, echocardiography, myocardial scintigraphy, and 24-hour Holter. The bone marrow mononuclear cells (BMMC) were isolated, washed, and diluted in 0.9% saline solution for transendocardial injection in areas of viable myocardium in the treated group, (15 0.2-mL injections). All patients were reassessed in the end of 2 and 6 months of follow-up. RESULTS: The demographic data and other characteristics did not significantly differ between the groups in the initial evaluation. No major adverse events related to the ATTBMMC were observed. In the end of 6 months, a reduction in the ischemic area was observed on nuclear perfusion imaging (P=0.05), as was a significant improvement in symptoms, functional capacity, and left ventricular overall function. CONCLUSION: This study showed that transendocardial injections of BMMC are safe in human beings with ischemic heart disease associated with severe ventricular dysfunction. The effects observed in the short run were maintained up to the sixth month of follow-up.

Melhora sintomática e da capacidade de exercício após o transplante autólogo, transendocárdico, de células mononucleares da medula óssea em pacientes com cardiopatia isquêmica grave, sustentada até o sexto mês de evolução / Sustained improvement in symptoms and exercise capacity up to six months after autologous transendocardial transplantation of bone marrow mononuclear cells in patients with severe ischemic heart disease

OBJETIVO: Este estudo tem por objetivo avaliar os efeitos, no seguimento de 6 meses, do transplante autólogo, transendocárdico, de células mononucleares da medula óssea (TACMMO), sobre os sintomas, capacidade de exercício, perfusão e contratilidade miocárdica nos portadores de cardiopatia isquêmica grave. MÉTODOS: Vinte e um pacientes foram incluídos neste estudo prospectivo (os 14 primeiros pacientes, grupo tratado; os 7 últimos pacientes, grupo controle). Inicialmente todos os indivíduos foram submetidos à avaliação clínica e laboratorial, teste ergométrico, ecocardiograma, cintilografia miocárdica e Holter de 24 horas. As CMMO foram isoladas, lavadas e diluídas em salina 0,9 por cento para injeção transendocárdica em áreas de miocárdio viável no grupo tratado, (15 injeções de 0,2 ml). Todos os pacientes foram reavaliados ao final de 2 e 6 meses de acompanhamento. RESULTADOS: Os dados demográficos e demais características não diferiram significativamente entre os grupos na avaliação inicial. Não foram observados eventos adversos maiores relacionados ao TACMMO. Ao final de 6 meses, houve redução da área isquêmica na imagem de perfusão nuclear (p=0,05) e melhora significativa dos sintomas, da capacidade funcional e da função global do ventrículo esquerdo. CONCLUSAO: Este estudo demonstra a segurança da realização de injeções transendocárdicas de CMMO em humanos com cardiopatia isquêmica associada a grave disfunção ventricular. Os efeitos observados em curto prazo foram mantidos até 6 meses de acompanhamento.

Catheter-based transendocardial delivery of autologous bone-marrow-derived mononuclear cells in patients listed for heart transplantation.

Growing evidence suggests that transplantation of autologous bone-marrow mononuclear cells (ABMMNCs) can improve the perfusion and contractile function of ischemic myocardium. This procedure could potentially benefit transplant candidates awaiting a donor heart. To study the safety and feasibility of ABMMNC injection, we performed a prospective, nonrandomized, open-label study in 5 heart transplant candidates with severe ischemic heart failure. Each patient underwent baseline single-photon emission computed tomography, a ramp treadmill protocol, 2-dimensional echocardiography, 24-hour Holter monitoring, and signal-averaged electrocardiography, which were repeated at 2 and 6 months. Transendocardial delivery of ABMMNCs was done with the aid of electromechanical mapping to identify viable myocardium. Each patient received 15 ABMMNC injections of 0.2 cc each. There were no deaths, significant arrhythmias, or other major complications. The ABMMNC injection reduced the amount of ischemic myocardium (not statistically significant). More important, exercise test results improved significantly. Myocardial volume oxygen consumption increased from 10.6 +/- 3 mL/kg/min (baseline) to 16.3 +/- 7 mL/kg/min (2 months) and 23 +/- 7 mL/kg/min (6 months) (P = 0.0091). In 4 of the 5 cases, this was such an improvement that the patients were no longer eligible for cardiac transplantation. In addition, metabolic equivalents improved from 3.03 +/- 0.66 (baseline) to 4.65 +/- 1.99 (2 months) and 6.5 +/- 2.0 (6 months) (P = 0.0092). In conclusion, ABMMNC injections were performed safely and resulted in improved exercise capacity. This technique may hold promise as an alternative to medical management in patients with severe ischemic heart failure who are ineligible for conventional revascularization.

Improved exercise capacity and ischemia 6 and 12 months after transendocardial injection of autologous bone marrow mononuclear cells for ischemic cardiomyopathy.

BACKGROUND: We recently reported the safety and feasibility of autologous bone marrow mononuclear cell (ABMMNC) injection into areas of ischemic myocardium in patients with end-stage ischemic cardiomyopathy. The present study evaluated the safety and efficacy of this therapy at 6- and 12-month follow-up. METHODS AND RESULTS: Twenty patients with 6- and 12-month follow-up (11 treated subjects; 9 controls) were enrolled in this prospective, nonrandomized, open-label study. Complete clinical and laboratory evaluations as well as exercise stress (ramp treadmill), 2-dimensional Doppler echocardiography, single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) perfusion scanning, and 24-hour Holter monitoring were performed at baseline and follow-up. Transendocardial delivery of ABMMNCs was performed with the aid of electromechanical mapping to identify viable myocardium. Each patient received 15 ABMMNC injections of 0.2 mL each. At 6 and 12 months, total reversible defect, as measured by SPECT perfusion scanning, was significantly reduced in the treatment group as compared with the control group. At 12 months, exercise capacity was significantly improved in the treatment group. This improvement correlated well with monocyte, B-cell, hematopoietic progenitor cell, and early hemapoietic progenitor cell phenotypes. CONCLUSIONS: The 6- and 12-month follow-up data in this study suggest that transendocardial injection of ABMMNCs in patients with end-stage ischemic heart disease may produce a durable therapeutic effect and improve myocardial perfusion and exercise capacity.

Emergency department predictors of survival in decompensated heart failure patients.

BACKGROUND: Several predictors of survival have been described in stable heart failure (HF) patients. Few reports have focused on decompensated patients. METHODS: We studied 170 patients who presented to the emergency department (ED) with decompensated HF. Mean age was 72.5 +/- 13 years (range 17 to 99) and 107 (63%) were male. We evaluated clinical features, in-hospital evolution, and prognostic factors related to all-cause mortality in a mean follow-up of 14 +/- 8.6 months (range 1 to 36). RESULTS: Eighteen (10.6%) patients died during the index admission. During outpatient follow-up, 45 deaths occurred. One-year survival rate for the population as a whole was 63%. Advanced age (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.27 per 10-year increment; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.04 to 1.55; p = 0.017), mean arterial pressure (inverse relationship with total mortality, HR = 0.83 per 10 mmHg increment; 95% CI, 0.72 to 0.95; p = 0.008) and hyponatremia (HR = 2.0; 95% CI, 1.19 to 3.36; p = 0.009) were found to be independent predictors of survival. CONCLUSION: Patients who present to the ED with decompensated HF have high mortality rates. Those at increased risk can be identified early in the ED.

Transendocardial, autologous bone marrow cell transplantation for severe, chronic ischemic heart failure.

BACKGROUND: This study evaluated the hypothesis that transendocardial injections of autologous mononuclear bone marrow cells in patients with end-stage ischemic heart disease could safely promote neovascularization and improve perfusion and myocardial contractility. METHODS AND RESULTS: Twenty-one patients were enrolled in this prospective, nonrandomized, open-label study (first 14 patients, treatment; last 7 patients, control). Baseline evaluations included complete clinical and laboratory evaluations, exercise stress (ramp treadmill), 2D Doppler echocardiogram, single-photon emission computed tomography perfusion scan, and 24-hour Holter monitoring. Bone marrow mononuclear cells were harvested, isolated, washed, and resuspended in saline for injection by NOGA catheter (15 injections of 0.2 cc). Electromechanical mapping was used to identify viable myocardium (unipolar voltage > or =6.9 mV) for treatment. Treated and control patients underwent 2-month noninvasive follow-up, and treated patients alone underwent a 4-month invasive follow-up according to standard protocols and with the same procedures used as at baseline. Patient population demographics and exercise test variables did not differ significantly between the treatment and control groups; only serum creatinine and brain natriuretic peptide levels varied in laboratory evaluations at follow-up, being relatively higher in control patients. At 2 months, there was a significant reduction in total reversible defect and improvement in global left ventricular function within the treatment group and between the treatment and control groups (P=0.02) on quantitative single-photon emission computed tomography analysis. At 4 months, there was improvement in ejection fraction from a baseline of 20% to 29% (P=0.003) and a reduction in end-systolic volume (P=0.03) in the treated patients. Electromechanical mapping revealed significant mechanical improvement of the injected segments (P<0.0005) at 4 months after treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Thus, the present study demonstrates the relative safety of intramyocardial injections of bone marrow-derived stem cells in humans with severe heart failure and the potential for improving myocardial blood flow with associated enhancement of regional and global left ventricular function.

Valor do peptídeo natriurético do tipo B no diagnóstico de insuficiência cardíaca congestiva em pacientes atendidos com dispnéia na unidade de emergência / The role of B-type natriuretic peptide in the diagnosis of congestive heart failure in patients presenting to an emergency department with dyspnea

OBJECTIVE: To determine the utility of B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) in the diagnosis of congestive heart failure (CHF) in patients presenting with dyspnea to an emergency department (ED). METHODS: Seventy patients presenting with dyspnea to an ED from April to July 2001 were included in the study. Mean age was 72±16 years and 33 (47 percent) were male. BNP was measured in all patients at the moment of admission to the ED. Emergency-care physicians, blinded to BNP values, were required to assign a probable initial diagnosis. A cardiologist retrospectively reviewed the data (blinded to BNP measurements) and assigned a definite diagnosis, which was considered the gold standard for assessing the diagnostic performance of BNP. RESULTS: The mean BNP concentration was higher in patients with CHF (n=36) than in those with other diagnoses (990±550 vs 80±67 pg/mL, p<0.0001). Patients with systolic dysfunction had higher BNP levels than those with preserved systolic function (1,180±641 vs 753±437 pg/mL, p=0.03). At a blood concentration of 200 pg/mL, BNP showed a sensitivity of 100 percent, specificity of 97.1 percent, positive predictive value of 97.3 percent, and negative predictive value of 100 percent. The application of BNP could have potentially corrected all 16 cases in which the diagnosis was missed by the emergency department physician. CONCLUSION: BNP measurement is a useful tool in the diagnosis of CHF in patients presenting to the ED with dyspnea

Study of coronary flow reserve with intravenous use of microbubbles (contrast echocardiography) and adenosine: protocol for clinical application in patients suspected of having coronary heart disease.

OBJECTIVE: To test the feasibility, safety and accuracy of the adenosine protocol in the study of myocardial perfusion with microbubbles contrast echocardiography. METHODS: 81 pts (64 male, 60+11 years) were submitted to contrast echocardiography with PESDA (sonicated solution of albumin 20%-1ml, dextrose 5%-12ml and deca-fluorobutane gas-8ml) to study the myocardial perfusion at rest and after bolus injection of adenosine (6 to 18mg) and to coronary angiography within 1 month each other. For each patient 3 left ventricle perfusion beds were considered (total of 243 territories). 208 territories were analyzed and 35 territories were excluded. PESDA was continuously infused (1-2ml/min), titrated for best myocardial contrast. Triggered (1:1) second harmonic imaging was used. RESULTS: Coronary angiography showed 70 flow limiting (> 75%) lesions and 138 no flow limiting lesions. At rest an obvious myocardium contrast enhancement was seen in at least 1 segment of a territory in all patients. After adenosine injection an unquestionable further increase in myocardial contrast was observed in 136 territories (99%) related to no flow limiting lesions, lasting < 10 s, and a myocardial perfusion defect was detected in 68 territories (97%) related to flow limiting lesions. It was observed only 4 false results. There were no serious complications. CONCLUSION: Myocardial perfusion study with PESDA and adenosine protocol is a practical, safe and accurate method to analyze the coronary flow reserve.

Study of coronary flow reserve with intravenous use of microbubbles (contrast echocardiography) and adenosine: protocol for clinical application in patients suspected of having coronary heart disease / Estudo da reserva de fluxo coronariano com uso endovenoso de microbolhas (ecocardiografia com contraste) e adenosina. Apresentação de protocolo para aplicação clínica em pacientes com suspeita de doença arterial coronariana

OBJECTIVE: To test the feasibility, safety and accuracy of the adenosine protocol in the study of myocardial perfusion with microbubbles contrast echocardiography. METHODS: 81 pts (64 male, 60+11 years) were submitted to contrast echocardiography with PESDA (sonicated solution of albumin 20 percent-1ml, dextrose 5 percent-12ml and deca-fluorobutane gas-8ml) to study the myocardial perfusion at rest and after bolus injection of adenosine (6 to 18mg) and to coronary angiography within 1 month each other. For each patient 3 left ventricle perfusion beds were considered (total of 243 territories). 208 territories were analyzed and 35 territories were excluded. PESDA was continuously infused (1-2ml/min), titrated for best myocardial contrast. Triggered (1:1) second harmonic imaging was used. RESULTS: Coronary angiography showed 70 flow limiting (> 75 percent) lesions and 138 no flow limiting lesions. At rest an obvious myocardium contrast enhancement was seen in at least 1 segment of a territory in all patients. After adenosine injection an unquestionable further increase in myocardial contrast was observed in 136 territories (99 percent) related to no flow limiting lesions, lasting < 10 s, and a myocardial perfusion defect was detected in 68 territories (97 percent) related to flow limiting lesions. It was observed only 4 false results. There were no serious complications. CONCLUSION: Myocardial perfusion study with PESDA and adenosine protocol is a practical, safe and accurate method to analyze the coronary flow reserve

The role of B-type natriuretic peptide in the diagnosis of congestive heart failure in patients presenting to an emergency department with dyspnea.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the utility of B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) in the diagnosis of congestive heart failure (CHF) in patients presenting with dyspnea to an emergency department (ED). METHODS: Seventy patients presenting with dyspnea to an ED from April to July 2001 were included in the study. Mean age was 72+/-16 years and 33 (47%) were male. BNP was measured in all patients at the moment of admission to the ED. Emergency-care physicians, blinded to BNP values, were required to assign a probable initial diagnosis. A cardiologist retrospectively reviewed the data (blinded to BNP measurements) and assigned a definite diagnosis, which was considered the gold standard for assessing the diagnostic performance of BNP. RESULTS: The mean BNP concentration was higher in patients with CHF (n=36) than in those with other diagnoses (990+/-550 vs 80+/-67 pg/mL, p<0.0001). Patients with systolic dysfunction had higher BNP levels than those with preserved systolic function (1,180+/-641 vs 753+/-437 pg/mL, p=0.03). At a blood concentration of 200 pg/mL, BNP showed a sensitivity of 100%, specificity of 97.1%, positive predictive value of 97.3%, and negative predictive value of 100%. The application of BNP could have potentially corrected all 16 cases in which the diagnosis was missed by the emergency department physician. CONCLUSION: BNP measurement is a useful tool in the diagnosis of CHF in patients presenting to the ED with dyspnea.

A progressiva disfunçäo ventricular esquerda na insuficiência aórtica crônica / The progressive left ventricular dysfunction in chronic aortic insufficiency

Com o objetivo de estudar-se a progressiva disfunçäo ventricular esquerda na insuficiência aórtica crônica (IA) estudou-se 4 grupos de pacientes todos submetidos a estudo hemodinâmico. Um grupo normal (Grupo I) com 15 pacientes e 44 pacientes com IA, que foram divididos em grupos com sintomatologia progressiva, sendo o Grupo II com 26 pacientes em classe funcional (CF) I e II, o Grupo III com 9 pacientes em CF III e o Grupo IV também com 9 pacientes em CF IV. As variáveis analisadas foram: índice de volume diatólico final (IVDF), índice de volume sistólico final (IVSF), volume sistólico final (VSF), fraçäo de ejeçäo (FE), espessura diastólica da parede ventricular esquerda (Esp. diast.), espessura diastólica da parede ventricular esquerda (Esp. sist.), índice de massa (I. massa), velocidade circunferencial de encurtamento média (VCF), complacência específica (CE), curva de velocidade de elevaçäo da pressäo ventricular esquerda ou 1ª derivada máxima de pressäo (dP/dt), velocidade máxima de encurtamento de fibra a carga zero (Vmax), pressäo diastólica inicial (pd1), pressäo diastólica final (pd2), pressäo sistólica inicial (PSI), pressäo sistólica final (PSF), estresse diastólico final circunferencial (SDFC), estresse diastólico final longitudinal (SDFL), estresse sistólico máximo circunferencial (SSMC), estresse sistólico máximo longitudinal (SSML), estresse sistólico final circunferencial (SSFC), estresse sistólico final longitudinal (SSFL) e as relaçöes estresse sistólico final circunferencial/volume sistólico final (SSFC/VSF) e estresse sistólico final longitudinal/volume sistólico final (SSFL/VSF). Observou-se, quando comparou-se o Grupo I (normais) com o Grupo II (IA em CFI e II), que todas as variáveis estudadas separavam os 2 grupos com exceçäo de dP/dt, V,ax, pd1 e PSF e que o encontrado representaria a adaptaçäo do ventrículo esquerdo (VE) à sobrecarga hemodinâmica causada pela IA. Quando comparou-se o Grupo II (IA em CFI e II) com o Grupo III (IA em CF III) diferenciavam os 2 grupos IVSF, FE, I. massa e as relaçöes SSFC/VSF e SSFL/VSF e essas seriam as melhores variáveis para seguimento da deterioraçäo da funçäo ventricular esquerda na IA. Quando comparou-se o grupo III (IA em CF III) e o grupo IV em CF IV) embora, em geral, as variáveis estudadas acentuassem a alteraçäo, em nenhuma delas a diferença foi estatisticamente significante e comentou-se que nesses grupos importantemente sintomáticos a disfunçäo ventricular esquerda já era bastante acent

Reavaliaçäo das variáveis eletrocardiográficas de hipertrofia ventricular esquerda na sobrecarga hemodinâmica do ventrículo esquerdo da estenose aórtica / Electrocardiographic variables revaluation of left ventricular hypertrophy in hemodynamic overload of the left ventricle to aortic stenosis

Foram estudados 36 pacientes, todos cateterizados, sendo 7 portadores de estenose aórtica (EA) e 29 normais. Fez-se a comparaçäo do ECG na EA com os normais e das variáveis eletrocardiográficas com a massa ventricular esquerda (massa ventricular). Foram estudadas âQRS, deflexäo intrinsecóide, duraçäo do QRS, S de V1, S de V2, R de V5, R de V6, maior amplitude precordial, maior amplitude periférica, índice de Sokolow, âT, índice de Lewis, índice de White Bock e critério de pontos de Romhilt. Quando comparou-se o ECG na FA com o dos normais todas as variáveis estudadas diferenciaram os grupos com exceçäo âQRS e âT. O índice de Sokolow apresentou boa sensibilidade na EA. O critério de pontos de Romhit apresentou sensibilidade muito baixa mas boa especificidade. Quando fez-se o diagnóstico de hipertrofia ventricular esquerda (HVE) apenas pela alteraçäo de uma variável estudada a sensibilidade foi excelente bem como a especificidade. Houve razoável correlaçäo do ECG de HVE com a massa ventricular esquerda na EA. Concluímos que o ECG é importante e confiável no diagnóstico da HVE na EA, há boa correlaçäo com a massa ventricular, ótima sensibilidade e especificidade do índice de Sokolow e boa correlaçäo desse índice com a massa ventricular, pouca sensibilidade do critério de pontos de Romhilt apesar de sua ótima especificidade e ótima sensibilidade e especificidade do ECG quando se fez o diagnóstico de HVE apenas pela alteraçäo de uma das variáveis

Influência da localizaçäo do infarto agudo do miocárdio e da presença de circulaçäo colateral na funçäo ventricular esquerda / Influence of acute myocardial infarction localization and of the presence of collateral circulation in left ventricular function

Foram estudados 41 pacientes com infarto do miocárdio isolado (IM). A localizaçäo do IM foi diafragmático em 20, ântero-septal em 12, e anterior extenso em 9 pacientes. A funçäo ventricular esquerda (FVE) foi comparada entre os grupos com diferentes localizaçöes de IM. A seguir, foi avaliada a possibilidade de proteçäo miocárdica pela presença de circulaçäo colateral (c.c.) e pela presença de suboclusäo (reperfusäo espontânea). As variáveis hemodinâmicas e angiográficas estudadas foram: índice de volume diastólico final (IVDF), índice de volume sistólico final (VDF), índice de volume sistólico final (IVSF), fraçäo de ejeçäo (FE), espessura da parede ventricular (espessura), índice de massa (M/SC), pressäo diastólica final (PD2), dP/dt max, Vmax e complacência específica (CE) sendo feita a comparaçäo das médias pelo teste t de student. Quando comparamos grupos com c.c. (n=20) e sem c.c. (n=21). Encontramos que o VSF estava aumentado, e a FE e a CE estavam diminuídas no segundo grupo. Os autores concluem que a FVE está relacionada com a extensäo e näo com a localizaçäo e que a circulaçäo colateral foi capaz de proteger a FVE

Reavaliaçäo das variáveis eletrocardiográficas de hipertrofia ventricular esquerda na sobrecarga hemodinâmica do ventrículo esquerdo da insuficiência mitral crônica / Eletrocardiographic revaluation of left ventricular hypertrophy in left ventricular surcharge secondary to chronic mitral insufficiency

Foram estudados 44 pacientes, todos cateterizados, sendo 15 portadores de insuficiência mitral crônica (IM), e 29 normais. Fez-se a comparaçäo do ECG na IM com os normais e das variáveis eletrocardiográficas com a massa ventricular esquerda (massa ventricular). Foram estudados âQRS, deflexäo intrinsecóide, duraçäo do QRS, S de V1, S de V2, R de V5, R de V6, maior amplitude precordial, maior amplitude periférica, índice de Sokolow, âT, índice de Lewis, índice de White-Bock e critério de pontos de Romhilt. Quando comparou-se o ECG na IM com os normais todas s variáveis estudadas diferenciaram os grupos com exceçäo da maior amplitude periférica, duraçäo de QRS e âT. O índice de Sokolow apresentou razoável sensibilidade e a maior amplitude precordial, apresentou boa sensibilidade. O cirtério de pontos de Romhilt apresentou sensibilidade baixa mas boa especificidade. Quando fez-se o diagnóstico de hipertrofia ventricular esquerda (HVE) apenas pela alteraçäo de uma variável estudada a sensibilidade foi muito boa mas a especificidade veio para 50%. A correlaçäo do ECG de HVE com a massa ventricular esquerda foi praticamente inexistente na IM, só havendo correlaçäo com a amplitude do S de V2. Concluímos ser o ECG importante e confiável no diagnóstico da HVE na IM, mas haver pouca correlaçäo com a massa ventricular apesar da importante alteraçäo eletrocardiográfica e, ainda, ser razoável a sensibilidade do índice de Sokolow e boa a da maior amplitude precordial acima de 30 mm, e ressaltamos...

Reavaliaçäo das variáveis eletrocardiográficas de hipertrofia ventricular esquerda na sobrecarga hemodinâmica do ventrículo esquerdo da insuficiência aórtica crônica / Eletrocardiographic reappraise of left ventricular hypertrophy in left ventricular surchage secondary to chronic aortic insufficiency

Foram estudados 72 pacientes, todos cateterizados, sendo 43 portadores de insuficiência aórtica crônica (IA), e 29 normais. Fez-se a comparaçäo do ECG na IA com os normais e das variáveis eletrocardiográficas com a massa ventricular esquerda (massa ventricular). Foram estudados âQRS, deflexäo intrinsecóide, duraçäo QRS, S de V1, S de V2, R de V5, R de V6, maior amplitude precordial, maior amplitude periférica, índice de White-Bock e critério de pontos de Tomnhilt. Quando comparou-se ECG na IA com os normais todas as variáveis estudadas diferenciaram os grupos com exceçäo da maior amplitude periférica e âT. O índice de Sokolow apresentou boa sensibilidade, bem como a maior amplitude precordial. O critério de pontos de Romhilt apresentou sensibilidade baixa mas boa especificidade. Quando fez-se o diagnóstico de hipertrofia ventricular esquerda (HVE) apenas pela alteraçäo de uma variável estudada a sensibilidade foi excelente mas a especificidade veio para 50%. Houve razoável correlaçäo do ECG de HVE com a massa ventricular esquerda na IA. Conclcuímos ser o ECG importante e confiável no diangóstico da HVE na IA, com boa correlaçäo com a massa ventricular e importante alteraçäo eletrocardiográfica e ainda, ser boa sensibilidade do índice de Sokolow e a correlaçäo desse índice com a massa ventricular na IA, e ressaltamos a pouca sensibilidade do critério de pontos de Romhilt apesar da sua ótima especificidade e a ótima sensibilidade do ESG quando se fez o diagnóstico de HVE apenas pela alteraçäo

Correlaçäo da extensäo do infarto do miocárdio, e näo obrigatoriamente da sua localizaçäo, como a funçäo ventricular esquerda / Myocardial infarction extension correlation with left ventricular function instead of necessary correlation with localization

Foram selecionados 40 pacientes com doença obstrutiva coronária com infarto do miocárdio isolado, sendo 19 com infarto diafragmático, 12 com infarto ântero-septal e 9 com infarto anterior extenso. Foram comparadas a funçäo ventricular esquerda (FVE) dos grupos entre si. As variáveis hemodinâmicas e angiográficas estudadas foram: índice de volume diastólico final (IVDF), índice de volume sistólico final (IVSF), fraçäo de ejeçäo (FE), índice de massa, pressäo diastólica final (pd2), dP/dt máxima (dP/dt) e complacência específica (CE), sendo feita a comparaçäo das medias pelo teste de Student. Quando comparou-se o grupo com infarto diafragmático com o grupo com infarto ântero-septal nenhuma das variáveis diferenciou os 2 grupos o mesmo ocorrendo quando comparou-se o grupo com infarto diafragmático com o grupo total de infartos anteriores. Quando comparou-se o grupo com infarto diafragmáico com o grupo com o infarto anterior extenso houve diferença significativa para IVDF, IVSF e pd2, que estavam aumentados no grupo de localizaçäo anterior extenso, bem como FE e CE que estavam diminuídas nesse mesmo grupo. Quando comparou-se o grupo com infarto ântero-septal com o grupo com infarto anterior extenso estavam aumentados significativamente no segundo grupo IVDF, IVSF e pd2 e estavam diminuídas FE, dP/dt e CE. Concoluiu-se que a disfunçäo ventricular esquerda está relacionada a extensäo do infarto e näo com sua localizaçäo. Assim, infartos anteriores extensos, que säo maiores que infartos...

Estenose pulmonar valvar isolada: I. estudo clínico e fonocardiográfico, diagnóstico de gravidade / Isolated pulmonary valve stenosis: I. Clinical and phonocardiographic evaluation; diagnosis of severity

Estudaram-se 63 portadores de estenose pulmonar valvar isolada, todos submetidos a cateterismo. De acordo com a gravidade de lesäo através do exame clínico e fonocardiográfico, os pacientes foram divididos em 2 grupos: grupo I, comporto por 27 individuos com pressäo sistólica ventricular direita (PSVD) <- 75 mm Hg, e grupo II, formado por 36 indivíduos com PSVD > 75 mm Hg. Diferenciaram os grupos, a presença de sintomatologia, de fadiga, de dispnéia e de "clique" de ejecäo pulmonar, a intensidade e o término do sopro. Guardaram relaçäo com a gravidade da estenose, o desdobramento da 2§ bulha, a intensidade do seu componente pulmonar e o ápice do sopro sistólico em relaçäo à sístole ventricular esquerda. Diferenciaram os dois grupos, o desdobramento da 2ª bulha, a intensidade do componente pulmonar e o ápice do sopro. A gravidade da estenose estava associada à presença de cianose e de insuficiência cardíaca congestiva. Näo houve associaçäo entre a gravidade da estenose e as seguintes variáveis: sexo, onda a aumentada no pulso venoso, abaulamento precordial ou batimentos epigástricos, "ictus cordis" comatível com aumento ventricular direito, frêmito, 4ª bulha e 3ª bulha. Concluiu-se ser possível o diagnóstico clínico e fonocardiográfico mais preciso da gravidade da estenose pulmonar valvar isolada